Suggested style
Papers (including working papers and preprints) submitted to ToXiv should be potentially refereeable work of the kind found in peer-reviewed publications. All papers, reviews, dissertation abstracts, or other submissions should follow commonly accepted standards of scholarly communication.
We recommend that papers use the Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition (author-date) style. Authors may, however, use a different style as long as styling is consistent within the paper.
All submissions must include a title and the names of all authors.
In general, papers should include an abstract. If there is no abstract, please send a short description of the work (up to 300 words or 450 Japanese characters) with your submission. If you are submitting a review, the description should include complete details about the material reviewed. When submitting a dissertation abstract, also include the following information:
- University or institution
- Faculty, department, etc.
- Degree type (PhD, MD, EdD, MBA, etc.)
- Year and date completed
File format
The following file types are acceptable:
- TeX, LaTeX, PDFLaTeX
- DOC, DOCX, RTF
File names should contain only letters, numbers, or the following punctuation. Do not include spaces, question marks, or other characters in file names.
a-z A-Z 0-9 _ - + = , .
File names should be distinct and easy to recognize. Including the author's name or part of the title can help make the file name distinct. Please do not use a file name such as toxiv_submission.pdf.
If your submission contains more than one file (such as an appendix, etc.), please make the file names similar. An example is: MeidaiTaro2022.pdf submitted with MeidaiTaro2022-appendix.pdf.
Reference style
Clearly reference all materials quoted, paraphrased, or otherwise used in the paper. This includes the use of both in-text citation and a list of references.
For in-text references, parenthetical references are recommended. Footnotes, endnotes, or other in-text references may also be used if these are consistent with the style guide you are using for the submission.
The following examples use parenthetical references in the text.
Author-date style uses parenthetical citations to indicate paraphrases within the text (U. Chicago Press 2017). Include the author's family name (if one is given) and the year. If there are more than three authors, use the first author's name followed by "et al."
Parentheses are also used for quotations. When quoting, include the page number after the year, with a comma between them. A guide for students states, "You paraphrase appropriately when you represent an idea in your own words more clearly or appropriately than the source does" (Turabian et al. 2018, 82). In other cases, it may be appropriate to use a quotation. For quotes longer than three lines of text, a block quote should be used.
In this situation, leave a blank line above and below the quoted material. Single space the long quotation. Some style manuals say to indent one-half inch [12mm] on both the left and right side. Others say to indent only on the left margin. Quotation marks are not used. (Straus 2011, 60)
Choose the form that is appropriate for your paper's style. ToXiv recommends Chicago author-date style, but will accept papers with other styles.
Be certain to include all cited sources in your list of references (bibliography). The list of sources should be included at the end of the paper. The following descriptions and examples illustrate how to cite different types of works in Chicago author-date style. For more information, you can consult the Chicago Manual of Style or other style guide. You can also use citation style software such as Zotero to construct your bibliography.
Journal articles or papers
FamilyName, GivenName. YEAR. "Paper Title." Journal Name volume (issue): page–page.
FamilyName1, Given1, and Given2 Family2. YEAR. "The Title of the Paper." Official Journal Name 1 (2): 34–56. https://doi.org/if.it.has.one.
Dasgupta, Romit. 2000. "Performing Masculinities? The ‘salaryman’ at Work and Play." Japanese Studies 20 (2): 189–200.
Kazui, Tashiro, and Susan Downing Videen. 1982. "Foreign Relations during the Edo Period: Sakoku Reexamined." Journal of Japanese Studies 8 (2): 283. https://doi.org/10.2307/132341.
Koike, Chisato. 2001. "An Analysis of Shifts in Participation Roles in Japanese Storytelling in Terms of Prosody, Gaze, and Body Movements." Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 27: 381–92. https://doi.org/10.3765/bls.v27i1.3418.
Tamaoka, Katsuo, Mutsuko Ihara, Tadao Murata, and Hyunjung Lim. 2009. "Effects of First-Element Phonological-Length and Etymological-Type Features on Sequential Voicing (Rendaku) of Second Elements." Journal of Japanese Linguistics 25 (1): 17–38. https://doi.org/10.1515/jjl-2009-0103.
Books
FamilyName, GivenName. YEAR. Title of the Book. Location: Publisher.
FamilyName1, Author1, and Given2 FamilyName2, eds. YEAR. The Book's Title in Italics. Translated by Give FamilyName. Optional Series Number. Location: Publisher. https://doi.org/only.if.available
Alexy, Allison, and Emma E. Cook, eds. 2019. Intimate Japan: Ethnographies of Closeness and Conflict. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
Cutts, Robert L. 1997. An Empire of Schools: Japan’s Universities and the Molding of a National Power Elite. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Horio, Teruhisa. 1988. Educational Thought and Ideology in Modern Japan: State Authority and Intellectual Freedom. Translated by Steven Platzer. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
James, Estelle, and Gail Benjamin. 1988. Public Policy and Private Education in Japan. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Shuy, Roger W. 2005. Creating Language Crimes How Law Enforcement Uses (and Misuses) Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181661.001.0001.
Straus, Jane. 2011. The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
Turabian, Kate, Wayne Booth, Gregory Colomb, Joseph Williams, Joseph Bizup, and William FitzGerald. 2018. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
University of Chicago Press. 2017. The Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Book chapter or section
FamilyName, GivenName. YEAR. "Title of the Chapter." In Book Title, edited by Given FamilyName, pages. Location: Publisher.
FamilyName1, Given1, and Given2 Family2. YEAR. "The Title of One Chapter in a Book or Collection." In The Title of the Full Collection or Edited Volume, edited by Given3 Family3 and Given4 Family4, pages. Location: Publisher. https://doi.org/only.if.available
Fotos, Sandra. 2001. "Codeswitching by Japan’s Unrecognised Bilinguals: Japanese University Students’ Use of Their Native Language as a Learning Strategy." In Studies in Japanese Bilingualism, edited by Mary Goebel Noguchi and Sandra Fotos, 329–52. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Hayashi, Makoto. 1997. "An Exploration of Sentence-Final Uses of the Quotative Particle in Japanese Spoken Discourse." In Japanese/Korean Linguistics, 6:565–81. Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information.
Kinsella, Sharon. 1995. "Cuties in Japan." In Women, Media and Consumption in Japan, edited by Lise Skov and Brian Moeran, 220–54. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
Maher, John. 2002. "Language Policy for Multicultural Japan: Establishing the New Paradigm." In Language Policy: Lessons from Global Models, 164–80. Monterey, CA: Monterey Institute of International Studies.
Titles, authors, and affiliations
All submissions must include a title and the names of authors. Center the title, authors, and affiliations on the first page. Include the title in a large font (we recommend 16-point) at the top of the first page. Below the title, include the author's name (or authors' names) in a smaller font (14-point), and then the university or institution you are affiliated with (typically "Gifu University" or "Nagoya University").
The abstract, headings, and body text should use a smaller font. We recommend 12-point for English text, or 10.5-point for Japanese text.
We recommend that you also include an email address at the bottom of the first page, so that readers may contact you with questions or feedback.
See the example papers for illustration.